By SOE KHANT LIN
Since 2016, the use of social media in Myanmar has expanded significantly, transforming patterns of communication and public interaction. While these platforms have generated notable benefits, they have also contributed to a range of adverse social outcomes. During the administration in power at that time, the promotion of democracy and media freedom fostered a highly permissive environment for public expression. However, this expansion of expressive freedom appears to have occurred in the absence of sufficient regulatory frameworks and civic responsibility among users.
Within this context, social media platforms, particularly comment sections, have increasingly become spaces for unrestrained expression. Users frequently engage in criticism and personal attacks with limited regard for norms of civility and respect. Such behaviour, often justified under the principle of freedom of expression, has facilitated the proliferation of harmful and disrespectful interactions. Over time, these patterns have become normalized, contributing to a discernible decline in public civility, alongside the emergence of negative attitudes and a growing tendency toward indiscriminate blame attribution.
The role of governance in shaping these outcomes warrants critical consideration. Insufficient regulatory oversight and the absence of effective content moderation mechanisms may have accelerated the erosion of social norms in digital spaces. This case reflects a broader sociopolitical dynamic in which weak institutional regulation can contribute to the deterioration of civic conduct. Contemporary developments in Myanmar provide a pertinent illustration of this phenomenon.
At present, negative discourse is highly prevalent across widely used social media platforms, including TikTok and Facebook. The dominance of such content, particularly within comment sections, may be interpreted as an indicator of broader societal challenges. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, combining public awareness initiatives with the implementation of proportionate and legally grounded regulatory measures.
Another significant concern is the increasing incidence of online trolling directed at national leaders. While such practices are observable in many global contexts, their implications within Myanmar are shaped by cultural norms that traditionally emphasize respect for authority and seniority. Moreover, the public display of such behaviour may adversely affect the country’s international image. Although informal humour within private social contexts may be socially acceptable, the derogatory targeting of public figures raises important questions regarding the boundaries of acceptable expression in digital environments.
In addition, patterns of social media use among young people raise further concerns. Evidence suggests that a considerable proportion of Myanmar’s youth demonstrate limited knowledge of national history and cultural heritage. Informal assessments, such as interview-style content on social media platforms, often reveal difficulties among young individuals in responding to basic questions in these domains. This trend may also be associated with a perceived decline in patriotic sentiment and national identity.
Addressing these challenges necessitates a coordinated and systemic response. Governments play a central role in promoting responsible digital behaviour, strengthening civic awareness, and enhancing cultural education. In many countries, national identity and civic values are systematically cultivated through formal education from an early age. Although similar frameworks exist in Myanmar, their effectiveness appears constrained. This limitation is influenced not only by institutional factors within the education system but also by the role of family and community environments.
In brief, the accountable and responsible use of social media, the reinforcement of cultural awareness, and the promotion of civic values require collective engagement. Through coordinated efforts among government institutions, educators, families, and civil society, Myanmar can work toward fostering a more informed, respectful, and cohesive society. Such efforts are essential for sustainable national development and for strengthening the country’s position within the global community.